php架构方面的设计与思考（三）

PHP微服务架构终极整合方案:

  graph TD
      A[客户端] --> B{Kong网关}
      B -->|路由| C[用户服务]
      B -->|路由| D[订单服务]
      B -->|路由| E[支付服务]

      C -->|注册| F[Consul集群]
      D -->|注册| F
      E -->|注册| F

      C -->|配置| G[Apollo]
      D -->|配置| G
      E -->|配置| G

      D -->|消息| H[RabbitMQ集群]
      H --> E
      H --> I[通知服务]

      F --> J[Prometheus]
      G --> J
      H --> J
      J --> K[Grafana]

      L[Jaeger] --> M[服务追踪]

1. 基础设施快速部署
   Docker Compose 全栈配置

   version: '3.8'
   
   services:
     # 注册中心
     consul-server:
       image: consul:1.15
       ports: ["8500:8500"]
       command: "agent -server -bootstrap-expect=1 -ui -client 0.0.0.0"
   
     # API网关
     kong:
       image: kong:3.4
       depends_on: [consul-server]
       environment:
         KONG_DATABASE: "off"
         KONG_DECLARATIVE_CONFIG: "/etc/kong/kong.yml"
         KONG_PROXY_ACCESS_LOG: "/dev/stdout"
         KONG_ADMIN_ACCESS_LOG: "/dev/stdout"
         KONG_PROXY_ERROR_LOG: "/dev/stderr"
       ports: ["8000:8000", "8001:8001"]
       volumes:
         - ./kong:/etc/kong
   
     # 配置中心
     apollo:
       image: apolloconfig/apollo-portal:2.1.0
       ports: ["8070:8070"]
       environment:
         SPRING_DATASOURCE_URL: "jdbc:mysql://apollo-db:3306/ApolloPortalDB"
   
     # 消息队列
     rabbitmq:
       image: rabbitmq:3.11-management
       ports: ["5672:5672", "15672:15672"]
       environment:
         RABBITMQ_DEFAULT_USER: "admin"
         RABBITMQ_DEFAULT_PASS: "secret"
   
     # 监控系统
     prometheus:
       image: prom/prometheus:v2.47
       ports: ["9090:9090"]
       volumes:
         - ./prometheus.yml:/etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml

2. 核心服务PHP实现包

   composer.json 关键依赖

   {
     "require": {
       "php": ">=8.2",
       "ext-swoole": "*",
       "ext-redis": "*",
       "ext-amqp": "*",
   
       "sensiolabs/consul-php-sdk": "^2.0",
       "guzzlehttp/guzzle": "^7.8",
       "php-amqplib/php-amqplib": "^3.2",
       "resilience-php/resilience-php": "^1.3",
       "apolloconfig/apollo-client": "^2.0"
     }
   }

3. 服务注册与发现完整实现

   服务注册（bootstrap.php）

   use SensioLabs\Consul\ServiceFactory;
   
   $consul = new ServiceFactory(['base_uri' => 'http://consul-server:8500']);
   
   // 自动获取本机IP
   $ip = trim(shell_exec("hostname -i"));
   
   // 注册服务
   $consul->get(AgentInterface::class)->registerService([
       'ID' => 'order-service-'.gethostname(),
       'Name' => 'order-service',
       'Address' => $ip,
       'Port' => 8000,
       'Check' => [
           'HTTP' => "http://{$ip}:8000/health",
           'Interval' => '5s',
           'Timeout' => '2s',
           'DeregisterCriticalServiceAfter' => '30s'
       ],
       'Tags' => ['v2', 'primary']
   ]);
   
   // 健康检查端点
   $app->get('/health', function() {
       check_database();
       check_redis();
       return json_response(['status' => 'UP']);
   });

   服务发现与负载均衡

   class ServiceDiscovery {
       private static $cache = [];
       private static $ttl = 5; // 缓存5秒
   
       public static function getInstance(string $service): string {
           $now = time();
   
           // 缓存有效期内直接返回
           if (isset(self::$cache[$service]) && 
               $now - self::$cache[$service]['timestamp'] < self::$ttl) {
               return self::selectInstance(self::$cache[$service]['instances']);
           }
   
           // 从Consul获取新实例
           $instances = $consul->getCatalog()->service($service)->json();
           self::$cache[$service] = [
               'instances' => $instances,
               'timestamp' => $now
           ];
   
           return self::selectInstance($instances);
       }
   
       private static function selectInstance(array $instances): string {
           // 加权随机算法
           $total = array_sum(array_column($instances, 'Weight'));
           $rand = mt_rand(1, $total);
           $current = 0;
   
           foreach ($instances as $instance) {
               $current += $instance['Weight'];
               if ($rand <= $current) {
                   return "http://{$instance['ServiceAddress']}:{$instance['ServicePort']}";
               }
           }
       }
   }

4. 统一配置中心接入

   Apollo配置监听

   $apollo = new \ApolloClient\Client([
       'config_server' => 'http://apollo:8070',
       'app_id' => 'order-service',
       'cluster' => 'default'
   ]);
   
   // 初始化配置
   $mysqlConfig = $apollo->get('mysql');
   DB::connect($mysqlConfig);
   
   // 动态监听
   $apollo->listen(['mysql', 'redis'], function($namespace, $config) {
       switch ($namespace) {
           case 'mysql':
               DB::reconnect($config);
               break;
           case 'redis':
               Redis::setConfig($config);
               break;
       }
   
       Logger::info("Config updated: $namespace");
   });

5. 服务通信完整方案

   同步调用（HTTP）

   class HttpServiceClient {
       use CircuitBreaker;
   
       public function call(string $service, string $endpoint, array $data) {
           return $this->protect(function() use ($service, $endpoint, $data) {
               $baseUrl = ServiceDiscovery::getInstance($service);
               $client = new GuzzleHttp\Client([
                   'base_uri' => $baseUrl,
                   'timeout' => 2.0
               ]);
   
               return $client->post($endpoint, [
                   'json' => $data,
                   'headers' => [
                       'X-Trace-Id' => Trace::getId()
                   ]
               ]);
           }, function() { // 降级处理
               return ['status' => 'degraded'];
           });
       }
   }

   异步通信（RabbitMQ）

   class EventPublisher {
       private $channel;
   
       public function __construct() {
           $conn = new AMQPStreamConnection('rabbitmq', 5672, 'admin', 'secret');
           $this->channel = $conn->channel();
   
           // 声明死信交换器
           $this->channel->exchange_declare('dlx', 'direct', false, true);
           $this->channel->queue_declare('dlq', false, true);
           $this->channel->queue_bind('dlq', 'dlx');
       }
   
       public function publish(string $event, array $data) {
           $this->channel->tx_select();
   
           try {
               $message = new AMQPMessage(json_encode($data), [
                   'delivery_mode' => AMQPMessage::DELIVERY_MODE_PERSISTENT,
                   'message_id' => Uuid::uuid4(),
                   'timestamp' => time()
               ]);
   
               $this->channel->basic_publish($message, 'events', $event);
               DB::table('outbox')->insert(['message_id' => $message->get('message_id')]);
               $this->channel->tx_commit();
           } catch (Exception $e) {
               $this->channel->tx_rollback();
               throw $e;
           }
       }
   }

6. 服务降级熔断策略

   多级降级配置

   class DegradeManager {
       private static $levels = [
           'order-service' => [
               'full' => ['threshold' => 0.95, 'fallback' => 'cache'],
               'cache' => ['threshold' => 0.8, 'fallback' => 'readonly'],
               'readonly' => ['threshold' => 0.5, 'fallback' => 'static']
           ]
       ];
   
       public static function handle(string $service, callable $func) {
           $status = self::getServiceStatus($service);
   
           try {
               switch ($status) {
                   case 'full':
                       return $func();
                   case 'cache':
                       return Cache::remember("fallback:$service", 60, $func);
                   case 'readonly':
                       if ($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] === 'GET') {
                           return $func();
                       }
                       throw new DegradeException('只读模式');
                   case 'static':
                       return ['status' => 'degraded'];
               }
           } catch (Exception $e) {
               self::recordFailure($service);
               return self::handle($service, $func); // 自动降级
           }
       }
   
       private static function getServiceStatus(string $service): string {
           $failureRate = Prometheus::getFailureRate($service);
   
           foreach (self::$levels[$service] as $level => $config) {
               if ($failureRate <= $config['threshold']) {
                   return $level;
               }
           }
   
           return 'static';
       }
   }

7. 监控与告警配置

   Prometheus指标收集

   class Metrics {
       private static $counter;
   
       public static function init() {
           $registry = new CollectorRegistry(new InMemory());
   
           self::$counter = $registry->registerCounter(
               'php', 
               'http_requests_total', 
               'Total HTTP requests',
               ['method', 'endpoint', 'status']
           );
   
           // 暴露指标端点
           $app->get('/metrics', function() use ($registry) {
               $renderer = new RenderTextFormat();
               return $renderer->render($registry->getMetricFamilySamples());
           });
       }
   
       public static function countRequest($method, $path, $status) {
           self::$counter->inc([
               $method, 
               preg_replace('/\d+/', '{id}', $path),
               $status
           ]);
       }
   }
   
   // 在中间件中调用
   $app->addMiddleware(function($req, $handler) {
       $start = microtime(true);
       $response = $handler->handle($req);
       $duration = microtime(true) - $start;
   
       Metrics::countRequest(
           $req->getMethod(),
           $req->getUri()->getPath(),
           $response->getStatusCode()
       );
   
       return $response;
   });

8. 生产环境部署建议

1. 服务注册中心：

   • 部署3节点Consul集群

   • 启用ACL和TLS加密

   • 设置自动备份策略

• API网关：

  • Kong集群 + Nginx负载均衡

  • 启用JWT插件和速率限制

  • 配置WAF规则防止攻击

• 配置中心：

  • Apollo多环境隔离（DEV/TEST/PROD）

  • 敏感配置加密存储

  • 设置配置变更审批流程

• 消息队列：

  • RabbitMQ镜像队列

  • 设置合理的TTL和死信策略

  • 监控队列积压情况

• 监控系统：

  • Prometheus联邦集群

  • Grafana统一看板

  • 关键指标告警（P99延迟>500ms，错误率>1%）

完整架构调用流程示例

1. 客户端请求 → Kong网关（认证+限流）

• 网关查询Consul获取订单服务实例

• 订单服务处理时：

  • 从Apollo获取当前配置

  • 通过HTTP调用支付服务（带熔断）

  • 发送消息到RabbitMQ

• 支付服务消费消息后：

  • 更新数据库

  • 记录Prometheus指标

  • 推送结果到通知服务

• 全链路追踪数据上报Jaeger

本文作者： 艾瑞可erik
本文链接： https://erik.xyz/2025/07/09/php-architecture03/
版权声明： 本作品采用 知识共享署名-非商业性使用-相同方式共享 4.0 国际许可协议 进行许可。转载请注明出处！

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